Antiquities of the russian country, 1846-1853. Volume 4. Illustrator — ru: solntsev, fyodor grigorievich. Tsarist clothing of the 17th century. Image of tsar fyodor alekseevich the two full-length portraits of tsar fyodor alekseevich included here were painted: one with oil paints on canvas, 3 arshins less 2 vershoks high, 1 arshin 8 1/2 vershoks wide, the other with egg paints on gesso, on board. The first is kept in the moscow armoury chamber; the second — in the moscow archangel cathedral (fig. No. 12). On the back of the first, on the canvas, is written in ink: "tsar fyodor alekseevich". The image shows a mature tsar, with long straight moustaches and a small thick beard, full of life and strength, while, according to the testimony of feodor's contemporaries, "from his very youth he was weak and in poor health," so that even malgin in the "mirror of russian sovereigns" distinguishes this tsar by the name of the sickly, or consumptive. Feodor's facial frame does not resemble the other image attached here; their costumes also differ from each other. He wears a caftan with sashes and a belt strewn with precious stones; on the hem on the left side of the caftan there is a frame, or schnitz. These utensils, as can be seen, are the richest of those kept in the treasury yard. The head of the tsar is adorned with a double crown with a cross on top; on the fingers of one hand there are two, and on the other three rings, such as sovereigns wore on great occasions. His appearance expresses royal grandeur and dignity. With his left hand he rests on a table covered with red cloth, and in his right hand he holds a four-pointed cross, with which byzantine emperors are depicted as a sign of their loyalty to jesus christ. From the example of grand duke vsevolod yuryevich it is revealed that the grand dukes presented their heirs with a cross and a sword. Thus, when he appointed his eldest son constantine to reign in novgorod, he presented him with an honest cross and a sword with the following words, transmitted to us in the chronicle: "behold, you will be a guardian, and the sword a threat and danger. " on solemn occasions and outings, the rulers of the russian land appeared with a cross not only on their chests, but also in their hands, as a pledge of invincible victories, a weapon of peace and at the same time a reminder of the oath of allies, lieutenants and subjects who kissed the cross for them. We will find examples of this in the events of russian history and in facial images. Thus, the blinded vasilko appeared on the battlefield in 1099 with a cross in his hands. "oathbreaker!" he cried to svyatopolk, "do you see the avenger? let the holy cross be the judge between us!" with a cross, vasily shuisky, soon after the death of the pretender, in 16065, entered the kremlin, and tsar alexei mikhailovich from the lithuanian campaign also had a solemn procession to moscow as a winner, with a cross in his hand, with which he is depicted in a portrait of his time in the st. Petersburg romanov gallery. Grand princes and tsars are depicted with a cross in their hands on church walls and in ancient portraits. The tsar's attire includes red pointed boots, probably made of khuz or morocco; similar ones are seen on the princes in a miniature painting in svyatoslav's "izbornik". Both the pre-face and especially the facial show the dexterity and skill of the artist's brush, apparently a foreigner. As for the movement, as painters say, "the figure does not stand still. " from the files on royal zographs of the 17th century it is revealed that sometimes the facial part was painted by one artist, and the pre-face by another: the difference in techniques is noticeable in this portrait as well. Although, according to the new inventories of the armory chamber, this portrait depicts tsar feodor alekseevich, but, upon comparison with other portraits of this sovereign, differences are revealed in them. Here feodor's appearance more closely resembles tsar mikhail feodorovich, depicted in the "travel" of olearius of schleswig, published in 1647, and in the moscow archangel cathedral. Date: between 1846 and 1853.
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