The interior of the ceremonial lodge of the mandans. The fasters have arranged themselves near the walls, while the okipa maker is sitting near the center. The pipe beside him is the pipe given to him by the impersonator of the mythological hero and helper lone man (first man). The mandans have only three sacred ”turtle drums”; not four as painted in the front of the picture. Bowers, alfred w. : mandan social and ceremonial organization. Moscow, idaho, 1991. Pages 111-163. Date: 1867.
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